Swati Jain Education Group

December 2008

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DAMS	2008	1	12	67 KB
With the exception of the Great Wall of China, dams are the largest structures ever built.Throughout history, big dams have prevented flooding, irrigated farmland, and generated tremendous amounts of electricity. Without dams, modern life as we know it would simply not be the same.Since the first large-scale dam was built in Egypt more than 5,000 years ago, engineers have devised various types of dams to withstand the forces of a raging river.... [Read details]
Submitted by : Akash Vijayvargiya
STUDY OF SPANNING TREE PROTOCOLS	2008	1	12	280 KB
We report in this paper our study of Spanning Tree Protocols. Spanning Tree protocols are link management protocols that provide path redundancy while preventing undesirable loops in the network. For an Ethernet network to function properly, only one active path can exist between two stations.Multiple active paths between stations cause loops in the network. If a loop exists in the network topology, the potential exists for duplication of messages. When loops occur,some switches see stations appear on both sides of the switch. This condition confuses the forwarding algorithm and allows duplicate frames to be forwarded.To incorporate the required feature of Redundancy and at the same time to avoid broadcasting storms from congesting the network, spanning tree protocols are used.IEEE is one of the most widely recognized standarazation bodies in computer science.IEEE 802 refers to a family of IEEE standards about local area networks and metropolitan area networks.One of its standard is IEEE 802.1, standard for MAC layer & Internetworking Devices. In this report we report our study of the 802.1d (STP),802.1w (RSTP) & 802.1s (MSTP) which are Spanning tree protocols implemented in Routers and Switches....[Read details]
Submitted by : S Gupta, A Gupta. Division of Computer Engineering, Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110075
MULTI - HAZARD RISK ANALYSIS	2008	1	12	506 KB
Multi hazard Risk analysis is concerned with the performance of structures subjected to multiple random loads, some of which may occur simultaneously. Separate investigations of single processes only might lead to a misjudgment of the general risks for these offshore structures.To avoid this trap, risk assessments should not focus on a singular process but on multiple processes. Within this study a general methodology is developed to analyze risk for multiple processes.To focus and illustrate the presentation of the methodology, we will examine a simple model of an offshore structure subjected to earthquake shaking and sea-storm-generated wind,wave and current loads .Also we will compute the integrated risk in he presence of multiple loads and determine the relative importance of different loads in function of both the structural and load characteristics....[Read details]
Submitted by : Anchal Jatale IIT kanpur
MIMO - WIRLESS COMMUNICATION SPEED GEAREDUP	2008	1	12	182 KB
Dead spots are everywhere. They're those areas of your home or office where, no matter how you position your router or how you point the antenna, you just can't get a Wi-Fi signal. Almost any Wi-Fi connection, even a weak one, is sufficient to surf the Internet or transfer data. But if distance and obstacles sap too much bandwidth from a network, video images will start to stutter and break up. Video is what's causing this problem on range and higher speed. The cure for the problem, is an innovation called MIMO, short for multiple input, multiple output .The new technology, uses a number of antennas to send multiple signals as a way to significantly increase the speed and range of a wireless network. In tests 's it is found that MIMO nearly doubled the speed and provided superior range. Multiple-Input / Multiple Output (MIMO) technology has emerged in the last decade as a powerful means of increasing the throughput and performance of wireless communication systems....[Read details]
Submitted by : VISHVESH JOSHI Final year, ECRIT, INDORE
An Overview of Techniques for Improving TCP Performance Over Wireless Networks	2008	1	12	301 KB
Reliable transport protocols such as TCP are tuned to perform well in traditional networks where packet losses occur mostly because of congestion. However, networks with wireless and other lossy links also suffer from significant packet losses due to bit errors and handoffs. TCP responds to a packet loss by invoking congestion control and avoidance algorithms, resulting in degraded end-to-end performance in wireless and lossy systems.There are various protocols proposed based on different schemes and the modes of operation. In this report, we discuss some of these methods, and do a qualitative study of their performance using throughput as a performance metric....[Read details]
Submitted by : Jayesh vyas IIT Mumbai
Mobile Banking	2008	1	12	62.8 KB
India happens to the world's fastest growing mobile market. The total no. of mobile user in the country touched the new height of 81.1 million last month and it is going to increace at a very rapid rate. The use of mobile for money transaction will open new avenues for the customers and for operators involved in this.I have suggested and implemented the idea of using mobile for money transaction among the mobile users that will facilitate easy and fast money transaction.I have discussed the roles of organizations that need to be involved in marketing MMT (mobile money transaction) possible and ubiquitous....[Read details]
Submitted by : Mayank Aggarwal (03BEC055)
Tumor Immunotherapy	2008	1	12	70 KB
As it applies to cancer, immunotherapy might be considered a revolutionary form of medicine but its roots actually go back as far as 1778, when Edward Jenner, an English physician, administered the first vaccine, which was targeted against smallpox.Tumor immunotherapy is an anticancer approach in which the patient’s immune system is either prodded or cajoled to fight tumors. Over time, our understanding of the immune system and tumor immunology has increased and this has enabled scientists to develop the ability to apply specific immunotherapies designed to enhance the immune response of a particular patient against unique targets....[Read details]
Submitted by : maitreeyee
Introduction_to_routing	2008	1	12	137 KB
Networking is a field which involves a thorough study of both electronics and computer science. It is the connecting bridge between hardware and software. Today majority of the computer networks are packet switched networks and the transmission and reception of information is based on the method of Routing. Routing involves use of different protocols and algorithms for path selection. This study paper explores the basics of routing and is useful for viewing to all those students who are from a non-computer science background..... [Read details]
Submitted by : MOIZ HUSAIN HAIDRY
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November 2008

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Introduction to Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes (new)	2008	1	11	69 KB
All living things are made of cells. Cells work together to form organs. Each cell has a control center called a nucleus. The nucleus contains the information that tells the cell what to do and when to grow and divide. This information is contained in genes, which are the building blocks of chromosomes. In the nucleus of each human cell (except for sperm and egg cells), there are 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes are made up of long strands of a substance called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which is a collection of molecules called bases arranged in a certain sequence. Within each chromosome, there are many hundreds to thousands of genes. Genes are segments of DNA that tell the cell to do a specific task, usually to make a particular protein. Each protein has a specific job or function in the body. Each human cell has about 30,000 genes; each one makes a protein with a unique function. ...[Read details]
Submitted by : matreyee
EXPRESSWAYS FOR WIRLESS COMMUNICATION – MIMO (new)	2008	1	11	168 KB
Corporations are beginning to use wireless LANs to carry voice and video, increasing the need for speed, capacity and reliability. But because WLANs share a finite allocation of frequency spectrum, without increased spectral efficiency they will consume all the available frequency channels and interfere with one another - becoming victims of their own success. Multiple-Input / Multiple Output (MIMO) technology has emerged in the last decade as a powerful means of increasing the throughput and performance of wireless communication systems. Research on this relatively new technology has penetrated in a substantial way many fields, ranging from signal processing to information / communication theory to wireless propagation. Equally importantly, MIMO technology has made its way into current and next generation communication standards and systems.Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems are today regarded as one of the most promising research areas of wireless communications. This is due to the fact that a MIMO channel can offer a significant capacity gain over a traditional single-input single-output (SISO) channel.... [Read details]
Submitted by : VISHVESH JOSHI Final year, EC RIT, INDORE
Methanation on Nickel-Alumina Catalyst (new)	2008	1	11	340 KB
Although all the Group VIII metals are catalytically active in the hydrogenation of carbon oxides to form methane ("methanation"), nickel remains the favored catalyst for the reaction by virtue of its life, high activity, selectivity towards methane formation in preference to other hydrocarbons, and it’s comparatively low cost. Supported nickel catalysts are preferred on account of their thermal and mechanical stability. In this paper, Ni/Al2O3 catalyst is discussed at length and subsequently its effect on methanation reaction along with the mechanism is also explained. TPR of Ni/alumina catalysts gives evidence that they have 2 sites for reaction, surface NiO and a form of NiAl2O4.Methanation of CO proceeds via dissociation on nickel catalyst and the surface carbon species thus formed are hydrogenated to methane. CO2 methanation proceeds via conversion of CO2 to CO via the reverse water gas shift reaction followed by CO methanation....[Read details]
Submitted by : Anchal Jatale
Machine Recognition of Human Face	2008	1	11	172 KB
Machine recognition of human face is an active and fast growing area of research due to a wide variety of commercial and law-enforcement applications including access control, security monitoring, and video surveillance. The major advantage of this biometric approach is its ability for authentic identification of a person’s identity. While the established and widely used authentication criteria such as passwords, PINs (Personal Identification Numbers) or magnetic cards suffer from the risk of getting stolen, copied, lost and are thus exposed to fraudulent use biometric approaches are expected to be immune from this drawback. Among the various biometric approaches, face recognition offers the additional advantage in that this approach allows a passive and non-intrusive identification in a user-friendly way without having to interrupt user activity. We provide, in this report, a brief overview of the techniques being explored for developing a face recognition system and indicate the present state-of-the-art of the field.... [Read details]
Submitted by : A Gupta S Gupta Division of Computer Engineering, Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110075
Herbal Drug Standardization	2008	1	11	57 KB
Herbal formulations are the remedies which cure the diseases rather than alleviating the symptoms. They are natural, safe, and of lower cost; consumers worldwide are spending more out-of-pocket money on them. Herbal drug technology includes all the steps that are involved in converting botanical materials into medicines. Numerous drugs have entered the international market through exploration of ethnopharmacology and traditional medicine....[Read details]
Submitted by : Arjun Jain
Data Mining & Data Warehousing: Concept, Mechanism and Tools	2008	1	11	157 KB
Data mining & Warehousing involves the use of sophisticated data analysis tools to discover previously unknown, valid patterns and relationships in large data sets. These tools can include statistical models, mathematical algorithms, and machine learning methods. Consequently, data mining & Warehousing consists of more than collecting and managing data, it also includes analysis and prediction...[Read details]
Submitted by : Deepak Dhakd Vaibhav Jain. Department of Computer Science, GSITS, Indore & Swati Jain College
PRESENT INDUSTRIAL USAGE AND POTENTIAL APLLICATIONS OF ALKALINE PROTEASES	2008	1	11	429 KB
With the environment and cost issues surrounding conventional chemical processes being subjected to considerable scrutiny, biotechnology is rapidly gaining ground due to the various advantages it offers over the conventional technologies. Industrial enzymes represent the heart of biotechnology processes.Proteolytic enzymes catalyze the cleavage of peptide bonds in other proteins. Proteases are degradative enzymes which catalyze the total hydrolysis of proteins. Advances in analytical techniques have demonstrated that proteases conduct highly specific and selective modifications of proteins such as activation of zymogenic forms of enzymes by limited proteolysis, blood clotting and lysis of fibrin clots, and processing & transport of secretory proteins across the membranes. The global market for industrial enzymes was estimated at $2 billion in 2004 and is expected to raise at an average annual growth rate (AAGR) of 3.3% to $2.4 billion in 2009, (source BCC 2004)...[Read details]
Submitted by : Robinder Gauba M.Sc. Biotechnology Goa University, Goa
Mobile Cloning	2008	1	11	40 KB
Are your mobile phone bills unexpectedly high? There’s a chance you are the victim of ‘‘mobile cloning’’. It is also known as cell phone piracy and has been taking place throughout the world since decades. Recently this crime has come to India.Mobile phones have become a major part of our everyday life. On the one hand, India’s mobile phone market has grown rapidly in the last few years on the back of falling phone tariffs and handset prices, making it one of the fastest growing markets globally. On the other the number of mobile phone subscribers is exceeding that of fixed-line users. The mobile phone subscriber base has already crossed the 50-mn mark.Today millions of mobile phones users, be it Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) or Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), run the risk of having their phones cloned. And the worst part is that there isn’t much that you can do to prevent this...[Read details]
Submitted by : Saurabh Bhalerao B.E., E.C. Final Yr Medi-caps Institue Of Technology & Management, Indore
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October 2008

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REMOTE SENSING AND ITS APPLICATION (new)	2008	1	10	144 KB
The “Remote Sensing” technique proves itself as a boom in an economic development all over. This technical paper briefly deals with application and result of remote sensing techniques and its types. As we know that “Remote Sensing” is the science and art of acquiring information (spectral, spatial, temporal) about material objects, area, or phenomenon, without coming into physical contact with the objects, or area, or phenomenon under investigation. Without direct contact, some means of transferring information through space must be utilized. In remote sensing, information transfer is accomplished by use of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). EMR is considered to span the spectrum of wavelengths from 10-10 mm to cosmic rays up to 1010 mm, the broadcast wavelengths, which extend from 0.30-15 mm.... [Read details]
Submitted by : VISHVESH JOSHI FINAL YEAR, ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION RISHIRAJ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INDORE
Power allocation in clusters for multi-band ofdm Generation of ofdm samples (new)	2008	1	10	48.4 KB
The principle of multi-carrier transmission i.e. OFDM is to convert a serial high-rate data stream onto multiple parallel low-rate sub streams. This results in a significant reduction in ISI (inter symbol interference) and complexity of the equalizer. It can adopt different modulation and signaling formats, that makes it more favorable. Here we have discussed low power allocation technique for clustered multi-band OFDM networks. The idea is to assign power to each cluster while maximizing the total throughput. The method is tested for 1.8 GHz band....[Read details]
Submitted by : Mayank Aggarwal (03BEC055)
SCALING (SrSO4) : PROBLEM AND PREVENTION.	2008	1	10	116 KB
Scale is an assemblage of deposits that forms in pipelines, production tubing, valves, pumps and chemical operational equipments, thereby clogging the flow lines, equipments and preventing fluid flow.In general, temperature increases the solubility of scales except for calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate and magnesium calcium carbonate. The pressure has a minimal effect on scale solubility. However, pressure changes in the pipelines are responsible for many scale formations due to release of dissolved gases....[Read details]
Submitted by : Bhupendra Kumar Chandrakar GEC Raipur. Y.K.Chandrakar ISM Dhanbad
The Next Small Thing	2008	1	10	96 KB
Biomolecular (DNA) A computation paradigm which proposes the use of molecular biology tools to solve mathematical problems. Computing with DNA offers a completely new way of looking at and performing computations: the main idea is that data can be encoded in DNA strands, while molecular biology laboratory techniques (called bio-operations) that involve manipulation of DNA strands in test tubes can be used to simulate arithmetical and logical operations.1)It's an example of computation at a molecular level, potentially a size limit that may never be reached by the semiconductor industry.2)It illustrates the possibilities of using DNA to solve a class of problems that is difficult or impossible to solve using traditional computing methods.3)It demonstrates unique aspects of DNA as a data structure.4)It demonstrates that computing with DNA can work in a massively parallel fashion ...[Read details]
Submitted by : Devendra suman S.J.A INDORE[MP] devendrasuman@gmail.com
Demining Robot	2008	1	10	131 KB
Landmines present a threat to population in many countries. Demining campaign is characterized with high cost, low efficiency and high risk for deminers. Although Humanitarian demining procedures are improved and standardized recently; technology has not changed much since the World War II.This project focuses on the development of a light weight metal detector to be used for the purpose of mine Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) detection. The detector was developed based upon a single oscillator design, and the performance of this design was tested with respect to diameter of the sensing coil, operating frequency, and the number of turns of the sensing coil. The results of this study provide a field tunable, light weight, low power mine UXO detector with significant range. The ability to equip a robot with this device and send it into the field will prove to be an invaluable asset to ongoing mine sweeping operations....[Read details]
Submitted by : Sahil Oak IV Yr. Electronics & Instrumentation SVITS
MANAGEMENT OF LARGE SCALE DATABASE PROJECTS	2008	1	10	89 KB
Note:-This paper was also published in Jan 2005 Technovision A large no. of projects get cancelled and never reach to completion with even more money being spent than estimated earlier. Only few of a thousand projects are completed on time and on budget. There are many challenges involved while developing a large business application like huge amounts of data, user code etc. As a result, building business applications requires technical knowledge about database design, entity relationship or object modeling, GUI design, middleware technology, programming languages, operating systems, prototyping tools, and so on. Managing a development environment and a knowledgeable team capable of tackling a large application is a crucial consideration to be weighed carefully while starting a new project. Some commonly desired characteristics which are required for optimization are Performance, Scalability, Flexibility, Availability and Portability. There are some requirements for large project success viz. proper planning, Management support, Clear statement of requirements and the ability to verify them and User involvement. A representative approach for developing a large object-oriented application is required which includes Architecture, Server development, Interface development, Interface development process, Testing, Software performance engineering, Configuration management, Project management etc. DBMS is required in each and every field. Day by day new fields are coming in the market and we need to rethink our strategy towards managing data in the fascinating but still perplexing fields like bioinformatics and chemoinformatics....[Read details]
Submitted by : Ankit sengar, Vaibhav Jain
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September 2008

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Artificial Intelligence Technology in Business	2008	1	9	42 KB
Artificial intelligence (AI) is making its way back into the mainstream of corporate technology, this time at the core of business systems which are providing competitive advantage in all sorts of industries, including electronics, manufacturing, software, medicine, entertainment, engineering and communications.Designed to leverage the capabilities of humans rather than replace them, today’s AI technology enables an extraordinary array of applications that forge new connections among people, computers, knowledge, and the physical world. Some AI enabled applications are information distribution and retrieval, database mining, product design, manufacturing, inspection, training, user support, surgical planning, resource scheduling, and complex resource management....[Read details]
Submitted by : Megha Jain(M.M.S. I.I.P.S.)
Bioinformatics	2008	1	9	36 KB
Bioinformatics is an integration of mathematical, statistical and computer methods to analyze biological, biochemical and biophysical data. Roughly, bioinformatics describes any use of computers to handle biological information. In practice the definition used by most people is narrower; bioinformatics to them is a synonym for "computational molecular biology"--- the use of computers to characterize the molecular components of living things. It is the science of developing computer databases and algorithms for the purpose of speeding up and enhancing biological research. Bioinformatics is being used most noticeably in the Human Genome Project, the effort to identify the 80,000 genes in human DNA . New academic programs are training students in Bioinformatics by providing them with backgrounds in molecular biology and in computer science, including database design and analytical approaches....[Read details]
Submitted by : Preash Mishra(M.C.M., I.C.S.E.)
ABNORMAL COMBUSTION PROCESSES	2008	1	9	129 KB
The two major abnormal combustion processes are Knock and Surface. Knock in S.I. engines is very significant phenomenon as it severely affects the life and performance of the engines. The basic cause of 'knock', the high pitched metallic noise, is the auto ignition of the charge left ahead of the advancing flame front . Due to auto ignition propagation of pressure waves of high amplitude takes place, which leaves resonating combustion chamber. They can even cause engine damage due to high temperatures and pressures. Two theories are proposed which try to give the cause of origin of knock. They are the Auto ignition theory and the Detonation theory. The other abnormal combustion phenomenon is 'Surface Ignition'. It is the ignition of charge by hot spots, if it is before spark plug ignites the charge (pre-ignition) and if after then (post-ignition). Different surface ignition phenomenon are wild ping, run on, run away, rumble, etc. Pre-ignition is potentially the most damaging surface ignition phenomenon. It usually occurs due to spark plug and combustion chamber deposits Due to which piston seizure, destruction of piston rings etc. occurs.Knock can be prevented by many ways, e.g. by retarding spark timing, by using high Octane rated fuel etc....[Read details]
Submitted by : PRANAV MULEY SUMEET SINGHVI MECHANICAL ENGINEERING IET; DAVV INDORE.
Hybrid Chip	2008	1	9	50 KB
The practice of fabricating micro-processors and DRAM as different chips on different fabrication lines results the widening of gap between processor and DRAM per year.IRAM would combine a bit of logic and a huge amount of memory on the same chip to lower memory latency, increase memory bandwidth, and improve energy efficiency (a silicon creature with the mind of a gnat and the memory of an elephant.)...[Read details]
Submitted by : Ratnesh Dangi (B.E.(Comp. Sc.) IV year I.E.T.)
VLSI DESIGNING	2008	1	9	77 KB
VLSI stands for "Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits". It's a classification of ICs. An IC of common VLSI includes about millions active devices. Typical functions of VLSI include Memories, computers, and signal processors, etc.A semiconductor process technology is a method by which working circuits can be manufactured from designed specifications. There are many such technologies, each of which creates a different environment or style of design. In integrated circuit design, the specification consists of polygons of conducting and semiconducting material that will be layered on top of each other to produce a working chip. When a chip is custom-designed for a specific use, it is called an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Printed-circuit (PC) design also results in precise positions of conducting materials, as they will appear on a circuit board; in addition, PC design aggregates the bulk of the electronic activity into standard IC packages, the position and interconnection of which are essential to the final circuit. Printed circuitry may be easier to debug than integrated circuitry is, but it is slower, less compact, more expensive, and unable to take advantage of specialized silicon layout structures that make VLSI systems so attractive....[Read details]
Submitted by : Amit Panchal Ashish Parashar U.I.T.B.U, BHOPAL Ali Asgar Lokhandwala G.S.I.T.S, INDORE
ECONOMIC MODELING	2008	1	9	84 KB
This paper attempts to build a model to understand the macroeconomic trends of the Russian economy, following the energy led consumer boom. It attempts to relate the various factors that led consumer spending and particularly PC shipments in Russia. Further, a theoretical framework is also prepared to identify trends of potential countries that resemble the trends of Russia. In course this presentation, a brief description about the indicators and the interpretation of the theoretical model is presented....[Read details]
Submitted by : Nikhil Mohan Aggarwal
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August 2008

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Genetic Algorithm and there Applications	2008	1	8	43 KB
Many scientists have tried to create living programs. These programs do not merely simulate life but try to exhibit the behaviors and characteristics of a real organism in an attempt to exist as a form of life. Suggestions have been made that alife (artificial life) would eventually evolve into real life. Such suggestion may sound absurd at the moment but certainly not implausible if technology continues to progress at present rates. Therefore it is worth studying GAs and see if such a prediction is far-fetched and groundless...[Read details]
Submitted by : Megha Jain(M.M.S. I.I.P.S.)
Smart Card	2008	1	8	77 KB
Defined at its highest level, a smart card is a credit-card sized plastic card with an embedded computer chip. The chip can either be a microprocessor with internal memory or a memory chip with non-programmable logic. The chip connection is either via direct physical contact or remotely via a contactless electromagnetic interface....[Read details]
Submitted by : Saurabh Gupta(B.E. (Elect.)III Year S.V.I.T.S.) Aninda Sengupta(B.E. (Elect.)III Year S.V.I.T.S.)
Data Base Management	2008	1	8	39 KB
The strong urge to lure customers and attract them with several services is an important issue for all organisations. It is also a necessity in the current era of a cutthroat competition. Presenting one's products in a decorative package of services --personalised or otherwise is therefore inevitable. The financial services too have undergone several changes with changes in business environment.The study proposes to look into the various Database Management Techniques used by Banks in India and the extent to which the use has been made a part of everyday customer services by the various sectors of Indian banks...[Read details]
Submitted by : Sonia Chitle(M.B.A. H.R.M.)
Virus v/s Anti-Virus	2008	1	8	59 KB
A computer virus is a small program written by an ill intentioned hacker meant only to ruin someone’s day. A computer virus is a program that can "infect" other programs by modifying them to include a copy of it. Viruses can also contain instructions that cause damage or annoyance; the combination of possibly damaging code with the ability to spread is what makes viruses a considerable concern. For example, they can trigger after a specific number of executions or on a specific date, such as Friday the 13th or April 1st or can occur at random. Depending on the motives of the virus author, a virus can contain no intentionally harmful or disruptive instructions. Or, it can cause damage simply by replicating itself and taking up scarce resources, such as hard disk space, CPU time, or network connections. Some typical things that some current Personal Computer (PC) viruses do are:...[Read details]
Submitted by : Shilpa Shandilya(B.E.(Comp. Sc.) II Year, S.G.S.I.T.S.) Surya Rawka(B.E.( Comp. Sc.) II Year, S.G.S.I.T.S.)
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July 2008

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Optical Network	2008	1	7	46 KB
Our day- to- day activities will be changed with technologies such as Bluetooth, Portals, Internet Appliances and XML. These technologies promise to alter our daily lives within 5 years. However, these kinds of technologies will need an optical network type backbone to handle the demands. SONOT, SDH, and DWDM are just a few of the technologies that we will review in this research paper. In addition, we will take a look at the vBNS network and review the research that is being made in order to deliver the kind of network that will be required in just a few short years....[ Read details]
Submitted by : Saurabh Gupta(B.E. (Elect.)III Year S.V.I.T.S.) Aninda Sengupta(B.E. (Elect.)III Year S.V.I.T.S.)
Information Technology	2008	1	7	33 KB
Recent advances in Information Technology have placed IT as one among the most revolutionary means ever created in known human history.IT seems to transform every facet of human life and usher in a knowledge based society in the next century.It has already been delivering on some of these promises.The world of computers, telecommunications, television and the internet and all other media are converging very rapidly.This has opened up infinite and previously unimagenable new possibilities in Work, Education, Communication , Commerce, Agriculture and entertainment.The use of information technology is well recognized. This has become a must for the survival of businesses. arises the question as how to define IT. Thus, IT can be defined as an integrated technology which includes computer, telecommunications, magnetic storage media, television etc., industries and development of software to integrate these....[ Read details]
Submitted by : Reena Mishra(B.E.(Comp. Sc.) S.V.I.T.S.)
Wireless Asynchronous Transfer Mode	2008	1	7	50 KB
This paper studies the concepts and architecture of Wireless ATM (WATM). Wireless ATM is a topic that raises a lot of interest at the moment and there are a lot of research activities going on. Wireless communications have undergone a tremendous growth in recent years. With systems for mobile analog and digital cellular telephony, radio paging, and microwave/satellite broadcasting becoming widespread, next generation wireless communications systems such as wireless ATM (WATM) will be required to support the seamless delivery of voice, video and data with high quality. In this context, WATM is intended to be a direct extension of the existing fixed/wireline broadband ATM networks with uniform end-to-end QoS guarantees....[Read details]
Submitted by : Ritu Verma(B.E. (Electronics) IV year, S.G.S.I.T.S.) Pranay Nigam(B.E. (Electronics) IV year, S.G.S.I.T.S.) Vikrant Mahajan
M-Commerce	2008	1	7	943 KB
Whether you call it mobile-commerce (m-commerce) or wireless Internet, it’s touted as the next big wave, and you have to admit it captures the imagination.But where do you stand on the issue of just how big it will be, and how fast it will grow?...[Read details]
Submitted by : Manali Agrawal(B.Com M.K.H.S.)
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June 2008

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Jini: A Window to the Future	2008	1	6	47 KB
Jini defines a new concept known as “spontaneous networking”. Jini is designed to allow a whole range of electronics devices – from handheld computers and cellular phones to VCRs and dishwashers – to "talk" to each other in a network and share information and resources regardless of their underlying operating system or hardware.But what exactly is Jini? Jini is both an architecture and a set of Application Programming Interfaces (API – a set of standard functions that can be used in application programs to implement a well defined set of tasks) that define how various devices will be interconnected using the Java Platform. Jini network technology provides simple mechanisms which enable devices to plug together to form an impromptu community – a community put together without any planning, installation, or human intervention. Each device provides services that other devices in the community may use. These devices provide their own interfaces, which ensures reliability and compatibility...[Read details]
Submitted by : Nilesh Korde(B.E. (Textile) IV Year, S.V.I.T.S.) Sachin Kamboj(B.E. (Comp. Sc.) S.V.I.T.S.)
Virtual Retinal Display	2008	1	6	40 KB
The Virtual Retinal Display™ (VRD™) technology is a new display technology being developed at Microvision Inc. The displayed image is scanned onto the viewer’s retina using low-power red, green, and blue light sources. Microvision’s proprietary miniaturized scanner designs make VRD system very well suited for head-mounted displays. In this paper we discuss some of the advantages of the VRD technology, various ocular designs for HMD and other applications, and details of constructing a system MTF budget for laser scanning systems that includes electronics, modulators, scanners, and optics.Keywords: laser scanning, display resolution, Virtual Retinal Display, VRD, head mounted displays, modulation transfer function...[Read details]
Submitted by : Neeraj Shukla(B.C.A. III Year, S.J.I.M.S.) Souvik Ghosh(B.C.A. III Year, S.J.I.M.S.)
The Global Positioning System	2008	1	6	26 KB
Widely Know as G.P.S this system has earned a large military and commercial value GPS devices are installed in vehicles manufactured by leading automobile manufactures of America & Europe .So next time you take a ride alongside the country, don't forget to install a GPS device, and then you'll never be lost again....[Read details]
Submitted by : Neeraj Shukla(B.C.A. III Year, S.J.I.M.S.) Souvik Ghosh(B.C.A. III Year, S.J.I.M.S.)
Internet	2008	1	6	36 KB
WHAT IS INTERNET ? THERE IS A LOT OF EXCITEMENT ABOUT INTERNET IN INDIA THESE DAYS . HOWEVER , MOST OF IT IS CENTERED AROUND ‘SURFING THE NET ‘ , WHEREAS THE TRUE ADVANTAGE OF THE NET IS THAT IT PROVIDES US IN INDIA WITH A GREAT COMMERCIAL ADVANTAGE AT MINIMAL COST.IN BROAD TERMS,INTERNET IS AN INTER-NETWORKED SYSTEM OF COMPUTERS THAT ALLOW FREE FLOW OF INFORMATION FROM ONE PART OF THE NETWORK TO ANY OTHER,PROVIDED THE INFORMATION IS PACKAGED ACCORDING TO CERTAIN CONVENTIONS.HOWEVER,AS WE GET DOWN TO A MORE MICRO LOOK, THE DETAILS ARE ASTOUNDING.IT IS INTERESTING TO KNOW THAT ONLY A HANDFUL PEOPLE HAVE ACOMMAND ON INTERNET OR WORLD WIDE WEB. INTERNET IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FORCE IN COMPUTING ,POISED TO PROFOUNDLY INFLUENCE SOCIETY FOR YEARS. THE PROCESS OF INTERNET CONNECTIVITY BEGAN IN 1989 AS A TOOL SCIENTISTS USED FOR COLLEGIAL COMMUNICATION , THEN GAINED MASS APPEAL IN 1994 AFTER A BREAK THROUGH MADE IT SIMPLE TO USE....[Read details]
Submitted by : PRATEEK KULKARNI(B.C.A. I YEAR S.J.I.M.S.)
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May 2008

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Wireless Internet	2008	1	5	90 KB
Wireless is information technology that employs electronic, magnetic and acoustic waves to transmit data through space without using a physical wire. Radios, televisions, fax machines, cellular telephones, pagers, and the wireless Internet each exemplify the practical application of wireless technology. Wireless communications represent a convergence of computers, the Internet, and telecommunications into a single medium that gives its users mobility and flexibility. As a result of that a new-world, wireless IP–based network model being developed jointly by two of the world’s leading communications enterprises: one in the wireless communications industry and the other in the [INTERNET PROTOCOL] IP–based Internet communications business. Together, these two enterprises are creating a mobile wireless IP network that meets tomorrow’s requirements by providing opportunities previously only imagined. Among such opportunities is the ability to make wireless an integral part of the Internet—rather than just another access technology. ...[Read details]
Submitted by : Hitesh Setpal(B.E. (Comp. Sc.)III Year S.V.I.T.S) Priyanka Kasliwal(B.E. (Comp. Sc.)III Year S.V.I.T.S)
Basic Outlines of the Aspects of Web Security	2008	1	5	30 KB
The web is an inherently open system.. It derives most of its utility and popularity from its openness, which means that it is open not only to useful and co-operative elements ,but also to abuse. the very fact that a web server is connected to the internet and is well publicized , increases the risk of attracting unwanted attention to the system on which it runs. thus we need to secure our system.Thus there are some basic questions which arise in our minds now that we have started:what are we actually trying to protect , from whom are we trying to protect or lets say what actually are the type of attacks, what the secure system should basically comprise and finally the methods that can be afforded?...[Read details]
Submitted by : Aditi Gupta(MCA,IIPS\|) Salony Agrawal(MCA,IIPS)
The Problem of Software Piracy	2008	1	5	48 KB
The popular conception of software piracy is that it is the activity of a minority of isolated pirate-hobbyists, copying and trading software for their personal consumption. Microsoft's allegations reflect a reality that software piracy has expanded from the bedrooms of computer wiz kids to a global trade in stolen software accounting for untold billions of dollars in lost revenue to the software industry. But Microsoft's statement is even more telling, in that it indicates the impact of software piracy goes far beyond lost income for software company shareholders. It affects lost jobs in local economies, lost tax revenues to governments, and decreased quality and increased prices for consumers whether private individuals, educational institutions, or businesses....[Read details]
Submitted by : Siddartha Raizada(B.E.(Mech) IV year I.E.T.) Sumit Singh Sisodia(B.E. II Year I.E.T.)
Napster	2008	1	5	32 KB
Founded in May 1999 in Dorm in Northeastern University, Napster Inc. is now today the world’s leading file-sharing community. Based in Redwood California, Napster has expanded larger than ever though of by its two founders. The company continues to grow in popularity , business capital through ventures by the public and the music industry...[Read details]
Submitted by : Shilpa Shandilya(B.E.(Comp. Sc.) II Year, S.G.S.I.T.S.) Surya Rawka(B.E.( Comp. Sc.) II Year, S.G.S.I.T.S.)
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April 2008

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WAP – The Net In Cell phone	2008	1	4	102 KB
The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is the de-facto world standard for the presentation and delivery of wireless information and telephony services on mobile phones and other wireless terminals. Handset manufacturers representing 90 percent of the world market across all technologies have committed to shipping WAP-enabled devices. Carriers representing more than 100 million subscribers worldwide have joined WAP Forum. WAP allows carriers to strengthen their service offerings by providing subscribers with the information they want and need while on the move. Infrastructure vendors will deliver the supporting network equipment. Application developers and content providers delivering the value-added services are contributing to the WAP specification....[Read details]
Submitted by : Preash Mishra(M.C.M., I.C.S.E.)
Measuring Hardware Performance of Web site	2008	1	4	35 KB
As more and more people begin using Web sites as a way to get information or do business, Web site performance under heavy loads becomes more critical. Although the cost of computer equipment has decreased as the speed and capacity of computer equipment has increased, site managers can't afford to buy incorrect or unnecessary equipment while trying to boost site performance. By using the performance counters built into Windows NT® and Internet Information Server (IIS), managers can monitor performance to determine equipment needs. After changes are made, monitoring can be used to determine if they had the desired effect, or if further changes are needed. This article describes which performance counters to use to determine when to tune or upgrade hardware. The four areas of computer hardware discussed in this article are:...[Read details]
Submitted by : Vivek Mehta (BE (Comp. Sc.)SGSITS – INDORE)
Computer Memory	2008	1	4	76 KB
Although memory is technically any form of electronic storage, it is used most often to identify fast, temporary forms of storage. If your computer's CPU had to constantly access the hard drive to retrieve every piece of data it needs, it would operate very slowly. When the data are kept in memory, the CPU can access data much more quickly. Most forms of memory are intended to store data temporarily....[Read details]
Submitted by : Shilpa Shandilya(B.E.(Comp. Sc.) II Year, S.G.S.I.T.S.) Surya Rawka(B.E.( Comp. Sc.) II Year, S.G.S.I.T.S.)
3 D Modeling	2008	1	4	241 KB
Accurate machine vision opens up a new realm of computer applications. These applications may include mundane tasks like perception and mobile robot navigation to expert systems like complex manufacturing tasks, analysis of satellite images and medical image processing.Transforming raw camera images into useful information about the world is, however, a complex and challenging task in the field of Computer Image Processing. This is so because the images are two-dimensional and the world is three-dimensional.In this paper we have tried to explain a method to derive 3D co-ordinates from measurements and constituents (geons) of 2D images.Given a single 2D image it is possible to construct any number of 3D worlds that would give rise to the image. As a result 2D images are highly ambiguous and it becomes difficult to decide what 3D object the image portrays.In order to determine the most likely interpretation of the 2D image, the knowledge of low-level image features is essential. We have used multiple simultaneous views of the object from different cameras to accomplish this. Such a technique is called stereovision....[Read details]
Submitted by : Rahul Phatak(B.E.(Comp. Sc.) IV year I.E.T.) Vidhan Singhai(B.E.(Comp. Sc.) IV year I.E.T.)
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March 2008

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Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic	2008	1	3	36 KB
In information technology, a Neural Network (NNs) is system of programs & data structures that approximates the operation of the human brain. A Neural Network usually involves a large no. Of processors operating in parallel, each with its own small sphere of knowledge and access to data in its local memory. Typically a Neural Network is initially “trained” or fed large amounts of data and rules about data relationships, for example, a grandfather is older than a person’s father. A program can then tell the network how to behave in response to an external stimulus or can initiate activity on its own. In making determinations, a neural networks use several principles, including gradient based training, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms and Bayesian methods. Neural networks are sometimes described in terms of knowledge layers with, in general, more complex networks having deeper layers. Neural Networks can also learn temporal concepts and have been widely used in signal processing and time series analysis. Current applications of neural networks include: Oil Exploration Data Analysis, Weather Prediction, The Interpretation of nucleotide sequences in biology labs, and the exploration of models of thinking and consciousness....[Read details]
Submitted by : Rajat Chakravorty(B.C.A. III Year, S.J.I.M.S.) Abhijeet Raj Kanoongo(B.C.A. III Year S.J.I.M.S.)
Network Topology Optimization	2008	1	3	94 KB
Humans invented computers. They made them into networks. But they forget that computer networks are built to supplement and support the human chain and not the other way round. They are for a person-to-person exchange of information, knowledge, ideas, opinions, insights, and advice. Peer-to-peer networking is not a piece of cake. But the approach is all that makes the difference. As we see more traditional models of networks, the P2P metrics of human network analysis become even more applicable.A perfect analogy in humans and computers in networks could be the nodes (people/routers) and the ties (relationships/links). Once this fact makes itself evident, the utter realization is that human networks are often unplanned and emergent systems! Network ties end up being unevenly distributed, with some areas of the network having a high density of links and others areas of the network sparsely connected. ...[Read details]
Submitted by : Shweta Puri(B.E. (Comp. Sc.) I.E.T.) Mohit Sule(B.E. (Comp. Sc.) IV Year I.E.T.)
Electronic Money: An Essence of E-Commerce	2008	1	3	47 KB
This paper discusses some important key issues relating to e-commerce and electronic money. The rapid growth of the Internet and its use has made the e-commerce, the business opportunity of future, very popular. In the twenty first century, the e-commerce will disseminate information at a low cost and will provide fast and quality business transaction. The issues, such as security and reliability relating to electronic payment system have been discussed. Till date, some of the burning problems have been solved, but many unresolved issues r still existing for which research and development activities are underway. It is expected that these problems will soon be solved to make e-commerce the best mode of business transactions....[Read details]
Submitted by : Vivek Gupta (B.E. Elect. S.V.I.T.S.) Manish Gupta(B.E. Elect. S.V.I.T.S.) Punit Agnihotri (B.E. Mech. S.G.S.I.T.S.)
Quantum Computers	2008	1	3	1078 KB
It is now very much possible within the next decade or so that computer on your desk is filled with liquids rather than semiconductor chips, one in which the atoms of hydrogen and chlorine functioning as processors are sorting an unsorted list of numbers, one which does not employs mundane physical laws but incorporates the principles of quantum mechanics, one which does the calculations one billion times faster than the current Pentium - III processors --------- yes it would be A QUANTUM COMPUTER. These computers would do calculations using atoms instead of computer chips. Quantum mechanics far from placing limits on what classical computations can be performed in nature, permits them all, and in addition provides whole new modes of computation including algorithms that perform tasks [such as perfectly secure public key cryptography] that no classical computer can ever perform....[Read details]
Submitted by : Hitesh Setpal(B.E. (Comp. Sc.)III Year S.V.I.T.S) Priyanka Kasliwal(B.E. (Comp. Sc.)III Year S.V.I.T.S)
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February 2008

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Parallel Computing	2008	1	2	58 KB
Parallel computing term itself gives an implication of many calculations done simultaneously. But the question arises why do we want it? Because we want our computers to do things like predicting the climate 50 years hence, and for that they are estimated to require computers computing at the rate of 1 Tflop = 1 Teraflop = 10^12 floating point operations per second, and with a memory size of 1 TB = 1 Terabyte = 10^12 bytes. So our ultimate aim is increasing the overall speed of our computer with most efficient ness....[Read details]
Submitted by : Hitesh Setpal(B.E. (Comp. Sc.)III Year S.V.I.T.S) Priyanka Kasliwal(B.E. (Comp. Sc.)III Year S.V.I.T.S)
Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)	2008	1	2	267 KB
Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM) is a form of data transmission that allows voice, video and data to be sent along the same network. In the past, voice, video and data were transferred using separate networks: voice traffic over the phone, video over cable networks and data over an internetwork.ATM is a cell-based, connection-oriented, switching and multiplexing technology designed to be a fast, general purpose transfer mode for multiple services.It is asynchronous because cells are not transferred periodically. Cells are given time slots on demand...[Read details]
Submitted by : Ms.Pushpita Mukharjee(B.E. (Comp. Sc.)IV Year)
VSAT	2008	1	2	29 KB
NOW-A-DAYS PAPERS,MAGAZINES,TECHNICAL BOOKS AND OTHER LITERATURE ON COMMUNICATION DEAL WITH A SPECIAL WORD CALLED ‘VSATS’ QUITE FREQUENTLY .THIS WORD HAS BECOME VERY POPULAR IN BUSINESS COMMUNICATION FIELD. LET US TRY TO UNDER STAND WHAT IS SO GREAT ABOUT THIS WORD AND WHAT IS ITS SIGNIFICANCE.’VSATS’ STANDS FOR VERY SMALL APERTURE TERMINALS. VERY SMALL IN APERTURE MEANS VERY SMALL DIAMETER DISH ANTENNAS AND THIS SIZE MAY BE AS LOW AS 1.8M DIAMETER.VSATS ARE ALSO CALLED’MICROTERMINALS’.THESE ARE A TYPE OF SMALL EARTH STATION WORKING WITH COMMUNICATION SATELLITES. ONE OF THE MAJOR RECENT TRENDS IN THE EVOLUTION OF CURRENT SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMING IS THEIR GROWING APPLICATION IN LOW CAPACITY TELEPHONE AND DATA TRANSFER SYSTEM USING SMALL TERMINALS INSTALLED DIRECTLY ON USERS PREMISES .SUCH A SYSTEMS EMPLOY SMALL LOW POWER TERMINALS WHICH ARE CLASSIFIED AS VSAT TYPE STATIONS....[Read details]
Submitted by : PRATEEK KULKARNI(B.C.A. I YEAR S.J.I.M.S.)
Molecular Modeling in Drug Design	2008	1	2	53 KB
Molecular modeling describe the generation, manipulation and/or representation of three-dimensional structures of molecules and associated physicochemical properties. As computers are becoming even more powerful, new methods enabling the modeling of molecular realities have been described....[Read details]
Submitted by : NIRDESH KUMAR GUPTA Dept. of Pharmacy S.G.S.I.T.S., Indore
'Overview of Quantam computing'	2008	1	2	334 KB
Abstract - This study paper gives a brief overview about quantum computing, its principles, the concepts of qubits and quantum gates, it's applications and its problems and practicality issues. Today's advanced lithographic techniques can squeeze fraction of micron wide logic gates and wires onto the surface of silicon chips. Soon they will yield even smaller parts and inevitably reach a point where logic gates are so small that they are made out of only a handful of atoms. If the transistors become much smaller, the strange effects of quantum mechanics will begin to hinder their performance. On the atomic scale, matter obeys the rules of quantum mechanics, which are quite different from the classical rules that determine the properties of conventional logic gates. Therefore, new, quantum technology must replace or supplement what we have now. The basic elements of quantum computing are easy to identify quantum bits, quantum registers and quantum gates.....[Read details]
Submitted by : -Nikhil Mohan Aggarwal
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January 2008

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Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)	2008	1	1	34 KB
Dr. Aarti Gupta is driving home at 7:35 after the usual hectic day at the hospital. She had Promised Isha, her 14-year-old daughter, that she'd be home early for her birthday. A young patient arrived shortly before she was leaving. She left the boy with Dr. Jay, but she wanted to see the results of the Medical report of the boy. When she arrived home, Jatin, her husband, was on the Internet listening to the previous day's Finance Minister's address, while Tushar, her eleven-year old son, was playing a video game with a friend over the phone and Isha was talking to a classmate. After dinner, the presents were opened and the cake enjoyed, the Gupta's launched into the evening routine that was so common to them. Jatin used his videophone to call his partner and collaborate on notes for tomorrow's big client presentation. Isha made a three way call to her two best friends to tell them what she got for her birthday. Aarti connected her laptop to the phone line and dialed up the hospital's Local Area Network (LAN). Once into the LAN, Aarti retrieved the Medical report of that boy she had left earlier that evening. She started the file transfer, and noted with satisfaction that the whole image file was downloaded to her computer before she could finish her still-hot cup of coffee. Breathing a sigh of relief as she finished studying the Medical report, she typed her notes into a file and uploaded to the server at the hospital. She then turned her attention to her email. Aarti noted that there was a must-attend symposium on the 23rd on remote instrument control and telemedicine. She also saw that her Saturday club meeting was canceled. By 9:45 Jatin saved the file they were collaborating on, agreed to the plan for tomorrow's presentation, and ended their video call. And with that, Mr. and Mrs. Gupta were able to relax in front of the TV for the rest of the evening.While this scenario sounds futuristic, it's actually very much within the realm of current capability of the telephone network. This is possible through ISDN....[Read details]
Submitted by : Ruchita Asawa(B.B.A. P.I.M.R.)
SET- Secure Electronic TransactionTM	2008	1	1	175 KB
Internet shopping is an enticing concept. It's the world's largest shopping mall, open 24-hours a day. Just about anything a person needs or want can be purchased on the Web and delivered right at his door.Yet in spite of the convenience offered by the Internet, some consumers are reluctant to take advantage of this new shopping mode. They may question an Internet retailer's authenticity, and they may be uncomfortable giving their credit card number over the Internet. ...[Read details]
Submitted by : Himanshu Gupta (M.C.A. I.I.P.S.)
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)	2008	1	1	87 KB
The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a new non voice value added service that allows information to be sent and received across a mobile telephone network. It supplements today's Circuit Switched Data and Short Message Service. It provide a massive boost to mobile data usage and usefulness.GPRS is NOT related to GPS (the Global Positioning System), a similar acronym that is often used in mobile contexts. GPRS has several unique features which can be summarized as:...[Read details]
Submitted by : MandeepSingh[T.E.(ELECTRONICS)] Govt Engineering College Jabalpur
Individualized Medication (Human Genome Project And Pharmacogenomics)	2008	1	1	66 KB
Human Genome project will define an individual as an outcome of interactions among about 100,000 assembled genes and their products. It will also provide tools to test for these genes. Several thousands of these genes and their alleles determine one’s susceptibility to a number of diseases, one’s immunity and one’s response to various drugs. Efficacy of many drugs is found to depend on genetics of a patient. This raises the possibility that determining genetic makeup (genotype) should precede therapy. It is now possible to do just that, reaping the benefit from insights gained from the newly identified area of pharmacogenomics. This information has already led to a variety of newer pre-symptomatic, co-therapeutic and prognostic diagnostic tests. Tools like DNA array and PCR technologies make the diagnostic technologies possible. The newer technologies will significantly affect healthcare and has tremendous ethical implication as well....[Read details]
Submitted by : NIRDESH KUMAR GUPTA Dept. of Pharmacy S.G.S.I.T.S., Indore

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